Asthma, a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, is characterized by a variable degree of airflow obstruction, edema, and bronchial hyper responsiveness caused by chronic exposition to allergens or associated to other diseases such as gastro esophageal reflux. The complex genetic actions and environmental triggers intric...

Chronic cough-variant asthma (CCVA) is a very common subtype of bronchial asthma among children population. This condition often manifests with acute cough, chronic cough, and intractable cough, especially at night. It has been reported that CCVA contributed 24.0% to 33.3% of chronic cough cases, and children alone accounted for the incidence o...

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common but highly contagious acute viral infection due to an enterovirus infection. The disease is most common under the age of 10, and most are under 5 years of age (95%). It can uncommonly affect adults and tends to be more severe in the elderly, immunocompromised, and pregnant women.  What is the cause...

NICE guidelines: The holistic assessment, investigation, and management approach suggested by NICE are outlined here.Pulmonary Symptoms ManagementInvestigations:Pulmonary symptoms are common during long covid. NICE recommends that breathlessness may be investigated using an exercise tolerance test suited to the person’s ability, for example the one...

JAMA Network: Published on June, 2022Montelukast, the most widely used leukotriene-modifying agent (LTMA), is a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist and is currently indicated for prophylactic and chronic treatment of asthma, relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and acute prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.This propensi...

Annals of the American Thoracic Society: Published on October, 2022Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide [1, 2]. COPD exacerbations that are related to poor prognosis and severe COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission.Beta-adrenoceptor (β-ADR) antagonists, or “beta blockers,” are indicated for...

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM): Published On October, 2022Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), causing substantial burden from hepatic and extrahepatic complications.TAKE-HOME MESSAGEThis review discusses practical approaches to the management of patients wit...