APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS The goal of treatment is to provide adequate relief of pain. At a minimum, pain relief should be sufficient to allow women to perform most, if not all, of their usual activities and to reduce the productivity loss commonly associated with dysmenorrhea. Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea can be initiated empiric...

Clinical Neurophysiology: April 2023Long term symptoms following COVID-19 (Long COVID) now affects a large number of patients with estimates of up to 100 million people world-wide.Prolonged “long-COVID” (P-L–COVID), seen several months after even a mild COVID-19 infection, is characterized by a complexity of neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and...

JAMA Network: November, 2019Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are drugs widely prescribed to reduce gastric acidity. Although they are considered globally safe, observational studies have reported significant adverse effects associated with their long-term use, such as osteoporotic-related fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, kidney disease, or...

Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage’.Most pain is short-lived, resolving when the painful stimulus is removed or when tissue healing has occurred: this is called acu...

Take Home Messages:Women who were younger at the time of their first menstrual period are more likely to report chronic pain in adulthood, according to a study published in PAIN journal.Researchers study to examine associations between age at menarche and chronic pain among women aged 30 to 99 years.Early menarche is associated with pain...

Biliary colic is a common presentation of a stone in the cystic duct or common bile duct of the biliary tree. Colic refers to the type of pain that "comes and goes," typically after eating a large, fatty meal which causes contraction of the gallbladder. However, the pain is usually constant and not colicky.History and Physical Examinations...

The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R): Physical medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) Knowledge Journal:True visceral pain is a physiologically and clinically separate entity from somatic pain.  Visceral pain responses are provoked by ischemia, inflammation, and distention. Visceral pain is poorly defined and diffu...